![]() ![]() The Indigenous languages spoken by the largest number of people were Cree languages, Inuktitut, Ojibway, Oji-Cree, Dene and Montagnais (Innu). The immigrant languages spoken most often at home were Mandarin, Cantonese, Punjabi, Spanish, Tagalog and Arabic. In 2016, “immigrant” languages – that is, languages other than English, French, Indigenous languages or sign language – were the mother tongues of 22.3% of the Canadian population (more than 7.7 million people). Lastly, the percentage of those whose mother tongue was a language other than English or French was 22.9% in 2016, up 1.6% from 2011. The same trend was observed for French, the second most common mother tongue after English: 21.4% of the population reported speaking French as their first language, compared with 22% in 2011. This was a slight decrease from 2011, when 58.6% of the population said English was their mother tongue. In 2016, according to census data, English was the first language (mother tongue) for 58.1% of the population. Linguistic diversity is also at the core of Canadian multiculturalism. ![]() The visible minority population – that is, the non-white population, excluding the Indigenous population – accounted for 22.3% of the total population, up from 4.7% in 1981. In 2016, the largest number of immigrants was from Asia, representing 48.1% of the population born abroad. The census data also found that 21.9% of the population was born outside Canada – the highest proportion since the 1921 Census. ![]() The most common reported ancestries were Canadian, English, Scottish, French and Irish, followed by German, Chinese, Italian, First Nations, Indian (from India), Ukrainian, Dutch and Polish. This increased diversity is evident from the data from the 2016 Census carried out by Statistics Canada, in which more than 250 different ethnic origins or ancestries were reported. (The term “Canadian” ethnic origin was first introduced in the 1996 Census.) An ethnic diversity survey published by Statistics Canada in 2003 showed that 21% of the population aged 15 years and older was of British‑only ancestry, while 10% reported only French origins, 8% were Canadian only, and 7% were a mix of these three origins. At the beginning of the 21 st century, the proportion of people with British, French, and/or Canadian ethnic origins had dropped to 46%. ![]() The sources of immigration have also shifted toward locations such as Asia, the Caribbean, and South and Central America.īy 1981, the combination of a declining birth rate and ongoing immigration saw the British and French populations decline to 40% and 27%, respectively. The proportion of the population born outside the country dropped during the Great Depression and the Second World War, but has been rising since the early 1950s. In percentage terms, the influx peaked in 19, when annual arrivals exceeded 5% of the total population. At the turn of the 20 th century, immigrants from other European countries were allowed entry into Canada. By comparison, in the 2011 Census, people with Indigenous ancestry represented 4.3% of the population.įrench and British colonizers began arriving in the early 1600s, and at the time of Confederation, Canada's population was chiefly British (60%) and French (30%). Statistics Canada's 2016 Census revealed that just over 2.1 million people reported having some Indigenous ancestry, representing 6.2% of the total population. Their proportion of Canada's total population is increasing. The Indigenous peoples include First Nations (Status and Non‑Status Indians), Métis and Inuit. 2 Background and Analysis 2.1 Multiculturalism as a Sociological Fact of Canadian LifeĬanada's history of settlement and colonization has resulted in a multicultural society made up of three founding peoples – Indigenous, French, and British – and of many other racial and ethnic groups. It also provides a chronology of federal policy on multiculturalism, and selected references. It goes on to look at attitudes to multiculturalism, as well as provincial and territorial multiculturalism policies. This study focuses on an analysis of Canadian multiculturalism both as a sociological fact and as a federal public policy. At the policy level, multiculturalism refers to the management of diversity through formal initiatives in the federal, provincial, territorial and municipal domains. Ideologically, multiculturalism consists of a relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. The concept of Canada as a “multicultural society” can be interpreted in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy).Īs a sociological fact, multiculturalism refers to the presence of people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. ![]()
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